Organisation design Free Essays

estructuring is overflowing by and by in our associations. Is this extremely essential or would we say we are Just getting it wrong? Do we continue planning in the conventional and two dimensional way we have consistently structured our associations in? Let us reconsider why we would rebuild in any case and how we would do it in a manner that is increasingly manageable and less troublesome to the association. Let’s start with some basic thoughts and standards. We will compose a custom article test on Association structure or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Incorporate association configuration as a major aspect of your vital arranging process. At the point when your plan of action or worth chain changes, your general structure needs to change with it. For different occasions, accountabilities and jobs need to ceaselessly advance. Make wide jobs that can advance, not firmly characterized Jobs. Recall that we often experience issues past our Job portrayals and we have to create individuals so they can be redeployed. At the point when you rebuild, change the manner in which the work is done or there will be no change. Capacities concentrated on adequacy can't answer to capacities concentrated on effectiveness Functions concentrated on long-extend advancement can't answer to capacities concentrated on short-go results Having an inappropriate people in an inappropriate jobs will keep on making the structure ineffectual. Comprehend that there will consistently be mysteries in the framework like centralization AND decentralization and figure out how to oversee it through conduct instead of structure. No measure of rebuilding can compensate for authority and culture disappointments. Rebuilds frequently don’t change power structures. Individuals like making additional layers to serve their own plans. Try not to permit it if the plan of action and worth chain doesn't require it. Let’s improve how we do things utilizing 4 essentials. 1 . Employment families dependent on the worth chain †separated into center and bolster The initial step is to configuration esteem chain based Job families †a Job family is a group of jobs that share a great deal practically speaking undoubtedly. Recognize the center capacities that must be acted on the side of the business procedure. Characterize what each capacity will have authority and be responsible for. When his is clear, bolster Job families can be characterized. Models are Finance, Human Resources and Operations. Backing ought to never be more noteworthy than center. . Levels of work Now characterize the correct number of levels. The beginning stage, says Jacques, is â€Å"to get the correct structure, including the correct number of vertical layers, and all around characterized responsibility and authority in director subordinate working connections, however in cross-utilitarian working connections as well† Oases, â€Å"The Aims of Requisite Organization,† in Requisite Organization). All jobs in a level have a comparative way to deal with work, and a comparative degree of intricacy, paying little mind to the specialty unit or Job family they fall into. This prepares for clear objective arrangement. You ought not have more than 5-6 degrees of work altogether for instance Operational representatives, First line pioneers, Expert pioneers, Executive Leaders and Strategic leader(s). 3. Frameworks thinking to get administration and lattice structures right Now ensure you put the administration , association backing and grid structures over it that can deal with the accountabilities and hazard hungers of your capacities and guarantee you comprehend where to put assets among center and support and among focal and decentralized capacities. . Conventional jobs, not individuals And very importantly†¦ When making the structure, disregard the individuals in question and simply recognize the center and bolster business works that must be performed. Make nonexclusive jobs that are not individual ward and can develop. Have similitudes in job configuration across levels and in Job families and just characterize the remarkable bits in an unexpe cted way. This makes it a lot simpler to redeploy individuals as opposed to making them excess while developing different pieces of the business. The resulting picture resembles this: If we advance the image further to join the grid and administration structures the last plan will look something like a three dimensional lattice utilizing the Biometric configuration created by DRP. Elisabeth Dossal: If you need assistance in building up a manageable all around planned association structure, if you don't mind get in touch with me on marianne@redstonecp. Com. Step by step instructions to refer to Organization configuration, Papers

Explain Each of the Terms Essay

Clarify Each of the Terms: Speech, Language, Communication and Speech Language and Communication Needs. Clarify every one of the terms discourse, language, correspondence, discourse, language and correspondence needs. EYMP5 (1. 1) The word reference clarification of discourse is â€Å"The articulation of or the capacity to communicate contemplations and sentiments by articulate sounds† or â€Å"A person’s style of speaking† To talk is to genuinely have the option to create the individual sounds and sound examples of our language, or lucid, to have the option to deliver discourse with proper beat, and free of faltering conduct, and to create discourse with a suitable vocal quality for age and sex. While discourse includes the physical engine capacity to talk, language is an emblematic, rule represented framework used to pass on a message. In English, the images can be words, either verbally expressed or composed. We additionally have gestural images, such as shrugging our shoulders to demonstrate â€Å"I don’t know† or waving to demonstrate â€Å"Bye Bye† or the raising of our eye temples to show that we are shocked by something. Language can be characterized as being comprised of socially shared standards that incorporate the accompanying: †¢What words mean (e. g. , â€Å"star† can allude to a splendid item in the night sky or a big name) †¢How to make new words (e. g. , companion, agreeable, hostile) †¢How to assemble words (e. g. , â€Å"Peg strolled to the new store† as opposed to â€Å"Peg walk store new†) What word blends are best in what circumstances (â€Å"Would you mind moving your foot? could rapidly change to â€Å"Get off my foot, if you don't mind † if the main solicitation didn't create results) You can have language without having discourse. In spite of the fact that discourse and language are connected, you don't must have discourse to have a language. How? The best case of this is the utilization of Sign Language. Correspondence is the way toward passing on a message or significance to set up a mutual comprehension to other people. You don’t need discourse or a common language to impart. How? Let’s state you settle out traveling to Rome, yet you don’t talk single word of Italian. You get off your plane, and you need to get your†¦ [continues]

Language

Language As an African American I have always felt left out when it comes to language, and to a larger extent culture. For many of my friends, language is the key to their culture; there was a big difference between my General Tsos chicken and my friends ???? (ma po dou fu”) or my birthday party and my Hispanic friend’s quinceaneras. There was a realness, a distinct culture, a sense of history and background that I simply did not possess or understand. I felt like I was missing out on an entire world that everyone else seemed to have. This was further enforced by the fact that my community largely looked like me. A lot of us are poor, black, and had lost any long standing culture that our ancestors may have had at any point of time. We have no unique language, or holidays, or rituals. Of course we have genres of music, clothing, and stories that are unique to the African American experience, but there was nothing as tangible, nothing that I could undeniably call mine. I feel that for a lo ng time I was okay with this because it was also true for everyone around me. None of my friends knew what country in Africa they are actually from. None of us knew what it means to have a flag that was truly ours. None of has had clothes to wear on culture or world awareness day. That was simply the world we lived in. This dramatically changed when I began doing biology research my junior year in high school. For a long time I had been very out of touch with other ethnic groups because my school was about half white and half black. However, when I entered my research lab at Emory University I was very quickly confronted with a world of people I had never related to. A majority of the labs were largely Chinese or Chinese American, so as result, Chinese was the default language of the office. At lunch, I would sit and watch as my lab mates talk about their lives, their families, their work, in words that meant nothing to me. I felt lost. I wanted nothing more than to connect with my colleagues. To be able to understand why it is they thought the things they thought, said the things they said, felt the things they felt. To me a foreign language was and is more than just the translation of individual words; it is the physical embodiment of an entire culture, an entire world. The way that sentences are constructed reflect the culture of that language. Every thought, song, word, emotion, book, poem is articulated through the framework of language, and I wanted to see and understand another world more than anything. After arriving at MIT in 2015 I immediately began my journey into learning Chinese. I would often study 4-5 hours a day. Not because I wanted a grade in the class, but because every second I spent studying bought me a little bit more of a new world that I could explore. I began to be able to listen to Uber drivers tell stories of travels from Hong Kong to the States; I got to hear about my lab mates’ first time in DC with his parents from Xi An; I helped with the struggles of my students from Beijing and Shanghai as they worried about their chances of ever entering an American university, and assisted an elderly man from Taibei around the MIT campus. Every one of these encounters is precious to me, and each one has allowed me to step into a world that I had not known even existed and would not have been able to see without my time in the Chinese Department here at MIT. Being a Chinese student has expanded my view of the world in dimensions that I did not know existed. Before this, Chinese and pretty much any other language was only scribbles, incoherent sounds, and images that meant nothing to me and seemed to have no tangible impact on my life. However, I have found this to be as far from the truth as possible. Behind every sound and stroke of language is a story, and a meaning; a feeling, an idea, a world that is just waiting to be explored. This is a gift I cannot thank the Chinese department enough for helping me discover. (Later to come, why I have decided to take a year off from MIT and spend it studying Chinese in Shanghai) Post Tagged #Course 21G - Global Studies and Languages

Language

Language As an African American I have always felt left out when it comes to language, and to a larger extent culture. For many of my friends, language is the key to their culture; there was a big difference between my General Tsos chicken and my friends ???? (ma po dou fu”) or my birthday party and my Hispanic friend’s quinceaneras. There was a realness, a distinct culture, a sense of history and background that I simply did not possess or understand. I felt like I was missing out on an entire world that everyone else seemed to have. This was further enforced by the fact that my community largely looked like me. A lot of us are poor, black, and had lost any long standing culture that our ancestors may have had at any point of time. We have no unique language, or holidays, or rituals. Of course we have genres of music, clothing, and stories that are unique to the African American experience, but there was nothing as tangible, nothing that I could undeniably call mine. I feel that for a lo ng time I was okay with this because it was also true for everyone around me. None of my friends knew what country in Africa they are actually from. None of us knew what it means to have a flag that was truly ours. None of has had clothes to wear on culture or world awareness day. That was simply the world we lived in. This dramatically changed when I began doing biology research my junior year in high school. For a long time I had been very out of touch with other ethnic groups because my school was about half white and half black. However, when I entered my research lab at Emory University I was very quickly confronted with a world of people I had never related to. A majority of the labs were largely Chinese or Chinese American, so as result, Chinese was the default language of the office. At lunch, I would sit and watch as my lab mates talk about their lives, their families, their work, in words that meant nothing to me. I felt lost. I wanted nothing more than to connect with my colleagues. To be able to understand why it is they thought the things they thought, said the things they said, felt the things they felt. To me a foreign language was and is more than just the translation of individual words; it is the physical embodiment of an entire culture, an entire world. The way that sentences are constructed reflect the culture of that language. Every thought, song, word, emotion, book, poem is articulated through the framework of language, and I wanted to see and understand another world more than anything. After arriving at MIT in 2015 I immediately began my journey into learning Chinese. I would often study 4-5 hours a day. Not because I wanted a grade in the class, but because every second I spent studying bought me a little bit more of a new world that I could explore. I began to be able to listen to Uber drivers tell stories of travels from Hong Kong to the States; I got to hear about my lab mates’ first time in DC with his parents from Xi An; I helped with the struggles of my students from Beijing and Shanghai as they worried about their chances of ever entering an American university, and assisted an elderly man from Taibei around the MIT campus. Every one of these encounters is precious to me, and each one has allowed me to step into a world that I had not known even existed and would not have been able to see without my time in the Chinese Department here at MIT. Being a Chinese student has expanded my view of the world in dimensions that I did not know existed. Before this, Chinese and pretty much any other language was only scribbles, incoherent sounds, and images that meant nothing to me and seemed to have no tangible impact on my life. However, I have found this to be as far from the truth as possible. Behind every sound and stroke of language is a story, and a meaning; a feeling, an idea, a world that is just waiting to be explored. This is a gift I cannot thank the Chinese department enough for helping me discover. (Later to come, why I have decided to take a year off from MIT and spend it studying Chinese in Shanghai) Post Tagged #Course 21G - Global Studies and Languages

Descriptive Essay - Original Writing - 895 Words

[Note: Instead of [Y/N] or third point of view, it is now first point of view to receive the best experience in reading!] The evening sky glister down to the reflection of the streets covered in white snow, little crystals shining brightly as ever. I reached Chiyoda where Itachi told me to meet up. As I was waiting in front of the Tokyo station, I watched strangers with their families, friends or beloved ones laughing and chatting. Additionally, I notice that the city transform into a sparkling winter wonderland as millions of colorful lights are displayed in trees, on and around buildings. It was truly a remarkable and unbelievable sight. I hummed to a variety of Christmas song to keep me occupy and of course, bring my Christmas spirit. A small smile appeared on my face as I couldn’t stop to think that I will be spending time with Itachi, best of all experience Marunouchi Illumination. It was told from my research that there will be an elegant and eco-friendly evening stroll spot. As you wander down the tree-lined of Marunouchi naka-dori, you’re suppose to feel like a princess or a queen as possible 200 roadside trees of LED bulbs with their original shade of champagne gold, twinkling elegantly on the trees lining. I giggled to myself, envisioning the picture perfect and the â€Å"date†. It’s going to be truly amazing! â€Å"Hey, sorry I’m late! How long did you wait?† Itachi asks, huffing and puffing. I stared lovingly to his onyx eyes. His nose were red like the uniqueShow MoreRelatedDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1110 Words   |  5 PagesI don’t know how I got to where I am, but I’m here now, and I have to win if I want to live. I am in a game, and in order to live, I have to escape. That’s the thing, though: I don’t know how to escape. I was running for my life around this old house that looked like it came straight out of a horror movie. I doubled over and held my head in pain as I saw the static, which meant it was coming. I was being chased by what looked like a person but in no way acted like one. Just as it was about to appearRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1102 Words   |  5 PagesIt is on days like this when we stop to think about our life. Small drops of rain begin to dapple the cobblestone pavement as people whip out their umbrellas for cover. I continue sauntering down the busy street, relishing the feeling of a light shower. Moving with the mass of pedestrians, I stop at a crosswalk where I wait for the stoplight to turn green. A flower shop employee across the street scurries to bring in the numerous bouquets and close the doors as rain starts rolling down the displayRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing914 Words   |  4 PagesDreamy I thought. Standing on the corner is a young guy with a smile. I see him here almost every day, so I linger for a while. He tells me his name, and I tell him mine. I m Ester, what s your name? I enquired. My names David .,He replied. We end up talking for a while and I asked him if he had ever left this city. He tells me of all these stories of the places where he s been, the distant lakes and mountains, and in valleys oh so green. I can see it in his eyes, he really has beenRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing974 Words   |  4 Pages I was used to moving round, having a mother who liked to travel more than making roots was something I had gotten used to. Still, I had never gotten used to the loneliness of an empty house when she was out exploring, or the feeling of leaving behind someone who could have meant something to me. Our most recent move was Oregon. It was pretty, and I didn’t mind it, but it was much different than Florida. Not only was it opposite sides of the country, it felt as if it were opposite worlds. InRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1012 Words   |  5 Pageshave plenty of time in the next month to think about my feeling in regards to Kendrick. I needed to finish up the article and get it off to my editor. I should be able to get it done by tonight and send an email in the morning. I was thinking of writing my next article about the sea life around the Scottish coast. Since our salmon dinner last evening I thought I would do a piece about the commercial salmon farming that began in Scotland in 1969. In 2002 over 145,000 metric tons of farmed AtlanticRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1561 Words   |  7 PagesThere’s something I need to say and what follows may not be something that you’d expect, it won’t be heartening or uplifting. If you remember today, I told you about going somewhere I wanted to go to†¦ I’m not sure if you believed and accepted what I now confess as untrue; it is partly. I needed to pull away emo tionally†¦ from you. You must have had fathomed that some degree of formality had seeped between us. Born of habit, formulaic greetings had become a routine. You presume that I’m a close friendRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1387 Words   |  6 PagesI was wearing a beautiful blue dress with sapphire gems all around the chest area as I entered the ball with Ciel and Sebastian. I took a good look around here, the hallway was lined with gold. There was a servant ready to escort us to the ball room. Hello, come this way. He said, walking forward. Wow, this place is so fancy! I exclaimed, looking around. It s fake gold. Ciel bluntly replied, bringing my hopes down. I sighed. Ciel sounded like he wasn t in a very good mood. Ciel, lightenRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1287 Words   |  6 Pages In the morning, Caireann woke me up. She stood above my bed, shaking my shoulder. I opened my eyes, looking at her. Then I looked across the room to her empty bed. Andy s empty bed sat in the corner. I swallowed, climbing out of bed. Sleep well? Caireann asked me, starting out the door. Yeah, I said, going over to our small dresser. I had the bottom two drawers. Andy had the middle two, and Caireann had the top. I pulled open the drawers, pulling on a colorful tank top and a grayRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1345 Words   |  6 PagesLater that night, I was behind the wheel of my G-Wagon with Melissa in the passenger seat. She didn’t feel like driving since she was on the road all day and I understood so I didn’t mind when she asked me to. I had been tight-lipped. She kept eyeballing me as if she detected that something was bothering me but I just kept singing to my India Arie as if I was carefree. â€Å"So are you going to tell me what’s going on or no† Melissa said disrupting my own personal concert. I stopped singing and tookRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1085 Words   |  5 PagesI WAS SITTING IN a taxi, wondering if I had overdressed for the evening, when I looked out the window and saw Mom rooting through a Dumpster. It was just after dark. A blustery March wind whipped the steam coming out of the manholes, and people hurried along the sidewalks with their collars turned up. I was stuck in traffic two blocks from the party where I was heading. Mom stood fifteen feet away. She had tied rags around her shoulders to keep out the spring chill and was picking through the trash

Public Health Ethics Legal Analysis - 1758 Words

Brian Dominguez GPH – 704 Public Health Ethics – Legal Analysis (Patient w/Tuberculosis) Introduction: In the fall of 2005, a homeless man from another state arrived in Maine who has been incompletely treated for tuberculosis (TB). He had several incarcerations within the next year and exposed the disease to other inmates. In addition, he exposed the disease to people at the homeless shelter; more than 100 persons were exposed between the shelter and county jail and transmission to 6 homeless men was manifested. Maine public health officials work with him to educate him on TB and how they will administer the necessary treatment in a comfortable/secure environment. The patient did not want to receive the treatment; however public†¦show more content†¦Chapter 250, Section 810 explains that the health department can detain a subject by showing convincing evidence to the District Court that he or she is a public health threat: â€Å"Upon the department s submission of an affidavit showing by clear and convincing evidence that the person or property which is the subject of the petition requires immediate custody in order to avoid a clear and immediate public health threat, a judge of the District Court or justice of the Superior Court may grant temporary custody of the subject of the petition to the department and may order specific emergency care, treatment or evaluation.†1 In addition, Chapter 250, Section 812 of the Maine statues states that, â€Å"If, based upon clear and convincing evidence, the court finds that a public health threat exists, the court shall issue the requested order for treatment or such other order as may direct the least restrictive measures necessary to effectively protect the public health.†2 If the health department deems it is necessary to continue treatment for an individual that is an immediate public health threat, Chapter 250, Section 813 will allow them to petition to the District Court to continue further treatment for the subject. If the court finds that a public health threat would continue in the absence of a public health measure, they will consider the treatment necessary; provided that no treatment order exceeds 180 days without further

A Commentary on, and Partial Analysis of, Nietzsches Thus...

A Commentary on, and Partial Analysis of, Nietzsches Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Part 4, with Especial Reference to Discourses 11 to 20 Although Zarathustra gains his happiness before the Fourth and Final Part of Al Sprecht Zarathustra, that which he is most concerned with- his work, is still ahead of him in The Temptation of Zarathustra: an Interlude (which Nietzsche viewed as the fourth parts proper title in view of what already transpired and what follows in the text as we find it abridged today). As an interlude, it bastardises the integrity of the previous three books if they are viewed as an artistic whole, and was only published in Nietzsche’s lifetime as a private run of 40 copies and only seven copies were circulated†¦show more content†¦If the highest point of development has come with part 4s higher men, then Zarathustra must concede to this prophet of great weariness, the cipher of Schopenhauer, for whom It is all one, nothing is worth while, the world is without meaning, knowledge chokes.3. The Schopenhauerian Prophet’s proclaimed destruction of first-order visceral passion cuts t he route of Zarathustra’s would-be creation of new values. By seducing Zarathustra too pity the prophet would persuade Zarathustra to acknowledge that he shares in the prophet and higher mens unhappiness, and that his claim to happiness has been a lie. The prophet warns Zarathustra that the waves around your mountain rise and rise... waves of great distress and affliction: soon they will lift your boat up too, and carry you away... Do you still hear nothing? Does not the sound of rushing and roaring arise from the depths? (Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Part 4, chapter 2 The Cry of Distress). Whereupon, Zarathustra hears a long, protracted cry, thrown between abysses too hollow to contain it, and realizes it to be a human cry; But what is human distress to me! The ultimate sin that is reserved for me- perhaps you know what it is called? Pity! answered the prophet from an overflowing heart, and raised both hands aloft- O Zarathustra, I come to seduce you to your ultimate sin!... why do you hide yourself? It is the Higher Man that cries for you! (Ibid.). Zarathustra is hoping for the high

The Antipsychotic Drug

Question: Write an essay on the antipsychotic drug. Answer: The paper discusses about the antipsychotic drug Clozapine and its side effect on body. The main issue with Clozapine in patient suffering from mental disease like Schizophrenia is the weight gain and increased appetite. The paper brings up the weight gain side effect of Clozapine. The participants of the stud were 753 hospitalized patients. The participants were the ones whose sample shows DSM-IVdiagnosis of schizophrenia. The age of the participants was from 18 to 65 years. The participants who took at least 300mg of Clozapine daily for at least one year and having a BMI of more than 27 kg/m2. The participants were excluded if they were taking any other antipsychotic drug apart from Clozapine, taking any lipid-lowering drugs, have abnormal body functioning, multiple organ failure, mental retardation, acute mental illness, pregnant, lactating, cant walk, and not interested in the study (Aronne, 2001). After the exclusion criteria only 56 patients were selected for the study. The stu dy was carried out after the approval from the Yu-Li Veterans Hospital's Ethics Review Committee. The participants were informed about the study and a written consent was taken from them. The intervention included controlling the diet of the participants carried out by a registered dietician. The calorie intake for women was between 1,300 to 1,500 kcal and for men between 1,600 to 1,800 kcal per day. The calorie intake with the type of food was assessed. The diet includes fruits, vegetables, sugar free juice. The diet was in accordance to consume the required percentage of protein, fat, and carbohydrate. The study also included physical activity for the patients (Ito et al., 2003). The physical activity was sustained for 6 months and participants performed 3 days in a week (Lamberti, Bellnier, Schwarzkopf, 1992). The physical activity included exercising, walking for 1.62 km for 40 minutes, climbing 231 stairs and climbing down 330 stairs under full supervision. The level of exercise was kept constant for first six months and participants were encouraged to perform physical activity for about 60 minuted. The patients were expending energy of about 600-750kCal per wee k. The participants were motivated by giving small rewards. The study design included measuring various vital areas and weight of the body during different timings. Twenty five people were assigned to the control group and twenty eight people were assigned to the study group The Anthropometric and body parameters were carried after fasting (Allison, Mackell, McDonnell, 2003). Body weight, body fat, height, waist and hip circumference, and BMI were calculated. Additionally overnight fasting blood samples were also taken. Part of the sample taken was used for metabolic analysis and enzyme assay and the other part of the sample was taken to perform an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis. So, as to check the effectiveness of the study statistical analysis was done using variance and covariance analysis (ANCOVA) with SPSS statistical software (version 10.0) and was based on a general linear model. All the data of the study group was compared to the control group at the start of the study and again after 3 to six months (Opgaard Wa ng, 2005). The result shows that there was not much difference at the baseline between the control group and study group regarding the BMI, body weight, waist and hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and fat percentage of body weight. However, significant difference was seen after three months and six months in BMI, body weight, and waist and hip circumference measures; although the body fat percentage showed little difference. The metabolic analysis included analysing the serum glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, prolactin, cortisol, and insulin levels. At base line no difference was seen in between the study and the control group. After six month the triglyceride level was significantly lowered but no difference was found in glucose, cholesterol, prolactin, cortisol, and insulin levels. No significant difference were found between the contro and the study group at the baseline and after six months for the growth hormone and IGF-1. IGFBP-3 concentration reduce after three and six months intervention and the molar ratio of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 was significantly increased at three and six months intervention. The main findings suggested dietary control and physical activity inclusion was good for the patients health. After six months from the intervention the patients metabolic abnormalities were decreased, hormonal changes were reduced, and even the neuroleptic related side effects were also attenuated. Thus, the findings suggest Clozapine was responsible for the increase of the patients weight (Wu et al., 2007). The patient who are obese and as well as the patient who are in the normal range and are if consuming Clozapine must undergo a proper diet regimen and some sort of physical activity or exercise. Life style modifications were the easiest and perfect intervention for the Schizophrenia patients to enjoy the healthy benefits of life and to remain free from other diseases. The study focuses on lifestyle interventions which majorly included diet change and physical activity exercises. The intervention and outcome are strongly related. The lifestyle modification was the only thing that brought up a good, effective and healthy result. Earlier before the interventions the participants were not carrying out the same routine without putting much effort to improve their health. The only form of improvement was the dependence on medical treatments. However, after the interventions the patients body started changing. The outcomes were seen in their BMIs, body weights, hip and waist circumferences, triglyceride levels, and in growth hormones. Due to the strong relation between the exposure and outcome the patients body was moving to a health being, the risk of other diseases were reducing, and even the patients were feeling satisfied. If the exposure was not taken out seriously and regularly the health outcomes would not be seen (Kuo et al, 2013). Although, the exposure took at least three to six months time to get the desired outcome but, with time the exposure greatly affected the patients health and helped in getting a healthy result. Moving on, it can be seen there was a dose response relationship between the exposure and the outcome and was also related to time and consistency. The diet and physical activity were the doses that resulted in the outcome. The dose of food and exercise were related to the outcome. With time and pace as the dose was increasing the body was shifting towards more effective outcome (Saha et al., 2007). The interventions were seen to be more effective with time due to the fact that the dose that is the physical activity were also increased with time after three months. All the interventions were consistent with the outcome. The participants carried out little physical activity and food change habits so the outcomes were fairly balanced. As the intervention was not carried out at a fast pace so, the results wer e also not drastically changed but they were fairly going on with the pace of interventions. The outcomes showed significant differences of around 5% in the first three months and around 10-15% after 6 months. This completely suggests that the outcomes were significant and consistent (Ali, Cohen Lee, 2003). The body takes time to adapt to new changes and the outcomes can also be seem after a time period is passed with regular interventions. Same thing was happening in the case study the control group and the study group outcomes were consistent enough as per the intervention. The association between the exposure and the outcome is strong but, there are some points that are non-casual. Like with decrease in all the body variables the fat percentage didnt changed significantly. Same way the glucose, cholesterol, prolactin, and cortisol concentration didnt changed significantly. The reasons behind these changes are not known clearly. It depends on the body nature to find an accurate casual relationship was difficult for the outcomes. The participants were selected by a set criterion that can be a reason for biased results. All the participants who were almost or inclined towards a fit life were selected. Any of them who had even a slight misbalanced health were not included. This may be a reason that the outcome was biased and consistent with the intervention. Secondly the body measurements were taken for hip and waist there was no measurements that were taken for other body parts. The exercises focused were walking and climbing stairs that focussed mainly o n lower body. The lower body exercises will affect the hip and waist area more. Thus, it can be seen the measurement were taken in a biased way including only the lower body. The cofounding variable in the study were the medical drug Clozapine. The participants who took at least 300mg of the Clozapine were only added in the study (McKibbin et al., 2006). As the study, was only to find out the effect of Clozapine on weight gain it can be seen the confound variable did not effects the outcome. It was only due to the confounding variable it was seen how far does Clozapine is related to increase in the body weight. The chances that variation may occur in the study during the intervention or the outcome are every less. The intervention was focussed on diet and physical activity that was carried out under strict supervision. The chances that an variation must have occurred and has affected the results are very less as the study was carried out for the in patients and everything was done in the hospital itself (Khosravi, Diamandi, Mistry, 1995). The chance variation that may have occurred would be the denial by the participants to eat in the restricted amount o r to carry out physical activity at all times when asked. The participants may have denied the intervention for some time but, it would not have affected the outcomes to a larger extent. Only little amount of affect would have happened to the outcomes due to such chance variations. Many other studies are been performed to relate Clozapine and weigh gain. A study was performed by Cecilia and his colleagues which was a 6-month randomized controlled trial to test the efficacy of a lifestyle intervention for weight gain management in schizophrenia (Littrell et al., 2003). A multicentric randomized clinical trial with a lifestyle intervention for individuals with schizophrenia, where the intervention group maintained weight and presented a tendency to decrease weight after 6 months. The result suggested that lifestyle intervention is important and is a long term strategy to avoid tendency of the individuals to gain weight. In the study it was seen the weight was decreasing and the health outcomes of the patients with Schizophrenia were increasing when they carried out the lifestyle intervention continuously for a long time. The studies suggest that Schizophrenia patients have a tendency to gain weight due to antipsychotic drugs. The findings are consistent with othe r studies which clearly suggest lifestyle intervention is beneficial for the Schizophrenia patient. All other findings also suggest the same intervention for Schizophrenia patient that includes healthy diet and some amount of physical activity (Goldsman, 1999). The other designs go on well with the designs and also with the findings and suggest that Schizophrenia effect and antipsychotic drugs effects can be reduced and the health outcomes can be improved.The results are very much plausible according to the biological mechanism of the body. Its body to reduce the extra fat and muscles with help of physical activities and proper diet. Diet which contains fruits and vegetable and less calorie foods helps in boosting the metabolism and reducing weight. The diet proposed in the study was aimed at the same type of food that works to increase body metabolism and go on with the mechanism of body (Bushe et al., 2005). On the other hand, physical activities tone up the body muscles and reduc e extra fat present in the body. It also strengthens the body and increase the metabolic rate (Roe et al, 1994). So the lifestyle intervention and the results of the study go on with the biological mechanism of the body. Its the body mechanism to reduce weight by burning of the extra calories and eating healthy food with fewer calories. The findings that came out are valid for every individual who is suffering from Schizophrenia and taking Clozapine. The intervention process can be generalised to any of the individual. The intervention didnt include any medical process or medical drug. The intervention was a life style modification so in case the other individual carried out the intervention no harm would be done to their health In fact, their health outcomes would be improved. Although, the intervention requires a supervision. The findings are externally valid and generalisable and they can be applied to the source population from which the study population was derived. In case, the source population also carried out the same intervention as carried out to by the study population they outcomes would be seen (Daumit, Goldberg, Anthony, 2005). Even 5% to 10% of reduction in body weight shows health benefit. The source population can be the people who are having Schizophrenia and taking Clozapine or taking other drug s also along with Clozapine. The intervention not only works in case of the individuals who take Clozapine instead it can work for any population who has become obese or gained weight. Yes, the study result can be applied to other relevant population as it was only a life style change with no change in the medical drugs and medical process. The relevant population that have Schizophrenia and take Clozapine is also prone to gain weight with time due to the drug. So, the same intervention and findings can be applied to them (Heimberg et al., 1995). The study design was made to check whether the Schizophrenia patient could reduce weight when a proper lifestyle intervention is applied to them for a period of six months. Thus, it can be seen the study findings can be held in generalized way for the source population and as well as other relevant population. However, the study was carried out for a short period of six months so, the findings were not drastically significant for the study population and even if applied for the relevant population. References Ali, O., Cohen, P., Lee, K.W. (2003). Epidemiology and biology of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) as an anti-cancer molecule. Hormone and Metabolic Research 35:726733. Allison, D.B., Mackell, J.A., McDonnell, D.D. (2003). The impact of weight gain on quality of life among persons with schizophrenia. Psychiatr Serv. 54: 565-567. Aronne, L.J.(2001). Epidemiology, morbidity, and treatment of overweight and obesity. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 62(suppl 23):1322. Bushe, C., Haddad, P., Peveler, R., Pendlebury, J. (2005). The role of lifestyle interventions and weight management in schizophrenia. J Psychopharmacol. 19: 28-35. Daumit, G.L., Goldberg, R.W., Anthony, C. et al (2005). Physical activity patterns in adults with severe mental illness. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 193:641646, 2005 Faulkner, G., Cohn, T., Remington, G. (2009). Interventions to reduce weight gain in schizophrenia. The Cochrane Library. Goldman. LS. (1999). Medical illness in patients with schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 60(suppl 21):1015. Heimberg, C, Gallacher, F, Gur RC, et al (1995). Diet and gender moderate clozapine-related weight gain. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 10:367375, Ito, H., Nakasuga, K., Ohshima, A., et al (2003). Detection of cardiovascular risk factors by indices of obesity obtained from anthropometry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in Japanese individuals. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 27:232237, 2003 Khosravi, M.J., Diamandi, A., Mistry, J. (1995). An ultrasensitive immunoassay for prostate-specific antigen based on conventional colorimetric detection. Clinical Biochemistry 28:407414. Lamberti, JS, Bellnier, T, Schwarzkopf, S.B. (1992). Weight gain among schizophrenic patients treated with clozapine. American Journal of Psychiatry 149:689690. Littrell, K.H., Hilligoss, N.M., Kirshner, .C.D., Petty, R.G., Johnson, C.G. (2003). The effects of an educational intervention on antipsychotic-induced weight gain. J Nurs Scholarsh., 35: 237-241. Kuo, F., Lee, C.H., Hsieh, C.H., Kuo, P., Chen, Y.C., Hung, Y.J. (2013). Lifestyle modification and behavior therapy effectively reduce body weight and increase serum level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in obese non-diabetic patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2009:1504. McKibbin, C.L., Patterson, T.L., Norman, G., Patrick, K., Jin, H., Roesch, S. (2006). A lifestyle intervention for older schizophrenia patients with diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial. Schizophr Res. 86: 36-44. Opgaard, O.S. Wang, P.H. (2005). IGF-I is a matter of heart. Growth Hormone and IGF Research 15:8994. Roe, L, Strong, C., Whiteside, C., Neil, A., Mant, D. (1994). Dietary intervention in primary care: validity of the DINE method for Diet Assessment. Fam Pract. 11: 375-381. Saha, S, Chant D, McGrath J. (2007). A systematic review of mortality in schizophreniais the differential mortality gap worsening over time?. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 64 Wu, M.K., Wang, C.K., Bai, Y.M., Huang, C.Y., Lee, S.D. (2007). Outcomes of obese, clozapine-treated inpatients with schizophrenia placed on a six-month diet and physical activity program. Psychiatr Serv. 58: 544-550.

Elasticity Essay Example

Elasticity Essay Name: Instructor: Course: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on Elasticity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Elasticity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Elasticity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Elasticity Question 1 a) If the price elasticity of demand for plastic surgery is inelastic, then it shows that the demand for the service is insensitive to price changes. Thus, a decrease in the number of operations due to an increase in the price of plastic surgery is false. In fact, the demand for plastic surgery will be unaffected regardless of price increase b) It is also false that the percentage change in price of plastic surgery is less than the percentage change in the number of operations demanded. Usually, if the demand for the service is inelastic, then the percentage change in demand is less than the percentage change in price due to the inability of the demand to change regardless of price changes c) It is true that the changes in the price of plastic surgery do not affect the number of operations. If the demand is inelastic, then it shows that demand for the service is unaffected regardless of the increase or decrease in price d) It is false to state that the quantity demanded is responsive to price changes in plastic surgery. If the demand is responsive, then it means the demand is price elastic. In this case, the demand is price inelastic, which means that it is not influenced by price changes. e) The expenditures on plastic surgery will increase because of the increase in the price of plastic surgery. Since the demand is price inelastic, the change in demand is less than the change in price. Therefore, if price changes more than the quantity, then the expenditure changes in the price’s same direction. Question 4 a) The first statement does not factor in the Law of Equilibrium in determining price and demand. In economic sense, if the firm were to increase its price, normally, the demand will reduce assuming that other determinants of demand such as availability of substitutes. b) In normal instances, supply can never equal demand. This is because the price determines the level of supply and demand for a product. If the price of the copy is high, then the demand and supply will reduce. However, if the price is low, then the demand will increase and thus increasing the level of supply. c) An increase in price of lettuce will decrease the demand for the commodity. Therefore, to restore equilibrium, producers will have to lower the quantity or supply of the lettuce to reduce costs. d) The wages of the carpenters did not rise due to unionization. The market demand for carpentry was high hence leading to an increase in wages. Additionally, if the number of carpenters increases, then the vacancies for employment will reduce due to the increase in the number of carpenters.

Pragmatics Gives Context to Language

Pragmatics Gives Context to Language Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics concerned with the use of language in social  contexts  and the ways people produce and comprehend meanings through language. The term pragmatics was coined in the 1930s by psychologist and philosopher Charles Morris. Pragmatics was developed as a subfield of linguistics in the 1970s. Background Pragmatics has its roots in philosophy, sociology, and anthropology. Morris drew on his background when he laid out his theory of pragmatics in his book Signs, Language and Behavior, explaining that the linguistic term deals with the origins, uses, and effects of signs within the total behavior of the interpreters of signs. In terms of pragmatics, signs refers not to physical signs but to the subtle movements, gestures, tone of voice, and body language that often accompany speech. Sociology- the study of the development, structure, and functioning of human society- and anthropology played large roles in the development of pragmatics. Morris based his theory on his earlier work editing the writings and lectures of George Herbert Mead, an American philosopher, sociologist, and psychologist, in the book Mind, Self, and Society: From the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist, writes John Shook in  Pragmatism Cybrary, an online pragmatism encyclopedia. Mead, whose work also drew heavily on anthropology- the study of human societies and cultures and their development- explained how communication involves much more than just the words people use: It involves the all-important social signs people make when they communicate. Pragmatics vs. Semantics Morris explained that pragmatics is different from  semantics, which  concerns the relations between signs and the objects they signify. Semantics refers to the specific meaning of language; pragmatics involves all the social cues that accompany language. Pragmatics focuses not on  what  people say but  how  they say it and how others interpret their  utterances  in social contexts, says Geoffrey Finch in Linguistic Terms and Concepts. Utterances are literally the units of sound you make when you talk, but the signs that accompany those utterances give the sounds their true meaning. Pragmatics in Action The  American Speech-Language-Hearing Association  (ASHA) gives two examples of how pragmatics influences language and its interpretation. In the first, ASHA notes: You invited your friend over for dinner. Your child sees your friend reach for some cookies and says, Better not take those, or youll get even bigger. You cant believe your child could be so rude. In a literal sense, the daughter is simply saying that eating cookies can make you gain weight. But due to the social context, the mother interprets that sentence to mean that her daughter is calling her friend fat. The first sentence in this explanation refers to the semantics- the literal meaning of the sentence. The second and third refer  to the pragmatics, the actual meaning of the words as interpreted by a listener based on social context. In another example, ASHA notes: You talk with a neighbor about his new car. He has trouble staying on topic and starts talking about his favorite TV show. He doesnt look at you when you talk and doesnt laugh at your jokes. He keeps talking, even when you look at your watch and say, Wow. Its getting late. You finally leave, thinking about how hard it is to talk with him. In this scenario, the speaker is just talking about a new car and his favorite TV show. But the listener interprets the signs the speaker is using- not looking at the listener and not laughing at his jokes- as the speaker being unaware of the listeners views (let alone his presence) and monopolizing his time. Youve likely been in this kind of situation before, where the speaker is talking about perfectly reasonable, simple subjects but is unaware of your presence and your need to escape. While the speaker sees the talk as a simple sharing of information (the semantics), you see it as a rude monopolization of your time (the pragmatics). Pragmatics has proved helpful in working with children with  autism.  Beverly Vicker, a speech and language pathologist writing on the  Autism Support Network  website, notes that many children with autism find it difficult to pick up on what she and other autism theorists describe as social pragmatics, which refers to: ...the ability to effectively use and adjust communication messages for a variety of purposes with an array of communication partners within diverse circumstances. When educators, speech pathologists, and other interventionists teach these explicit communication skills, or  social pragmatics, to children with autism spectrum disorder, the results are often profound and can have a big  impact in improving their conversational interaction skills. Importance of Pragmatics Pragmatics is the meaning minus semantics, says  Frank Brisard in his essay Introduction: Meaning and Use in Grammar, published in Grammar, Meaning and Pragmatics. Semantics, as noted, refers to the literal meaning of a spoken utterance. Grammar, Brisard says, involves the rules defining how the language is put together. Pragmatics takes  context  into account to complement the contributions that semantics and grammar make to meaning, he says. David Lodge, writing in the Paradise News, says that pragmatics gives humans a fuller, deeper, and generally more reasonable account of human language behavior. Without pragmatics, there is often  no understanding of what language actually means, or what a person truly means when she is speaking. The context- the social signs, body language, and tone of voice (the pragmatics)- is what makes utterances clear or unclear to the speaker and her listeners.

Organizational Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organizational Security - Essay Example Some of the data is also available in the asset inventory. For instance, the number of failed network switches can be found in the section containing equipment meant for disposal. Risks the Institution Faces Absence of an IT Technician The IT technician is a very valuable member of staff. He is responsible for ensuring that all IT equipment function as expected. These include desktop machines, laptops, servers, projectors, switches, wireless access points, and LAN access ports. The technician is always on standby to respond to queries raised by users. In addition, the technician works with the system administrator, and IT manager, to install software, configure equipment, and implement any IT related project within the institution. The absence of the IT technician, perhaps due to sickness, death, resignation, or termination of employment, leaves a vacuum as far as his duties and responsibilities are concerned. As such, any tasks that require the technician’s input go unattende d to, hence, resulting in failures within the departments that rely on IT services. In order to protect the institution from the risk of lacking an IT technician, the IT department should make sure that there are at least two technicians on duty at any one time (Azari, 2003). If the department does this, then it will be highly unlikely that it loses the services of both technicians. Even if one is unwell, fired, or is away attending to other business, the other technician will be there to handle the queries. The Failure of the Software Development Process The IT department is tasked with the duty of providing applications for the institution. These applications are used to manage some of the activities in the institution; they include student registration and release of exam results. The department can either choose to develop the software or buy it off the shelf. The processes involved in development and purchase of software are complex and can fail if not handled carefully. Some o f the reasons that may cause failure are: i. The finances allocated for acquiring the software may not be sufficient. This happens when the department chooses to develop the software. There are instances where the department runs out of money and has to wait, for the next financial year, to receive additional funding. This creates delays or even leads to the termination of projects. ii. There is a high risk that software purchased from commercial vendors may fail to meet requirements. iii. Failure to adhere to recommended software development procedures. iv. Lack of cooperation from those targeted to use a software system. The university can carry out the following activities to ensure that it acquires quality software: i. Ascertain that designers get the precise requirements of the desired software, before making a decision on the appropriate option to take. ii. All the stakeholders should be included in the improvement process. This will inculcate a sense of ownership in them.

Racing, Finance and Sponsorship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Racing, Finance and Sponsorship - Essay Example The main aim of the new design is to create a more user-friendly, light and agile vehicle. By way of innovative solutions and technological up gradation the formula students aim to rank among the Top 5 at the event and emerge as the top team in UK at the car racing program. The team management works towards maintaining high standards for the vehicle and develop technical prowess of the members and create environmental awareness. However the success of the efforts is based on the support that it is able to garner from the corporate, as University assistance is not sufficient to take care of the funding associated with the design and development of the car. Sponsorship strategy Brunel Racing team comprises mechanical engineering and motorsport students. The designing work is entrusted to the third year students. Ever since the team was established in the year 1999 it has participated in a range of Formula Student competitions across worldwide locations, which includes the famous Hocken heim and Silverstone Grand Prix circuits (Brunel University West London-a, n.d.). For more than a decade the University team has participated in this event. Going by the rise in the number of Universities participating in the program the event is now eagerly awaited. The amount of media exposure at such events is also high. In the last year’s event there was extensive media coverage of the event. Many small and large businesses lend their support to the event and their number is continually growing.   These businesses get the opportunity to reach out to the masses by sponsoring the events. Their logos or corporate names are advertised on the race route and along the street leading to the event venue. Besides helping them in raising the bottom-line of the business they are able to forge an alliance with the University members. By reaching out to the University students these companies also get the chance to fulfil their corporate social responsibility. So the sponsorship eve nt enhances the market image of the companies and also helps them in establishing a philanthropic image in the society. Sponsorship is generally viewed as a ‘business relationship’ forged between a beneficiary and a sponsor i.e. there is always a commercial angle to it. However by granting funds for the university car racing the company will be able to draw dual benefits. Firstly, it will create more awareness about the products and services offered by the company. This will get reflected in the form of rising sales figures. Secondly, the company will be able to fulfil its responsibility of a socially responsible entity. Past research has brought forth the â€Å"consumer effects of sponsorship†. It has been seen that the investment offered by the sponsor in any sports activity creates a good-will among the event attendees. This is said to influence their behaviour and attitude towards the brand. There are three levels at which the sponsor is able to generate good -will. First is the ‘generic level’ that relates to the feelings of the consumers at the engagement of the sponsors in an activity; second is the ‘category level’ that relates with a particular audience say sports or art and third is at individual activity level’

HR Practices Of Four Seasons

HR Practices Of Four Seasons Introduction Nowadays the range of luxury hotels all over the world is very big. There are different types of luxury hotels and all of them have their own policy, procedures and missions. Competition among these kinds of hotels is huge nowadays. The competition is based not on prices or percentage of discounts but it is based on values, exclusivity, atmosphere and quality of service. One of these competitors is world known, luxury brand Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts. However Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts managed to differentiate them from all other competitors in the Hotel Industry. In Four Seasons, management has a huge value of their employees, because they know that the power of service is in human resources. Human Recourse Management in Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts definitely plays very important role for providing success of the company and delivering premises to their employees and customers. The following research provides readers with full picture of Human Resource Management Polic y of Four Seasons hotels and Resorts. Also additional recommendations and comments are given in order to clarify the policy and mission of Human Resource Management. The research includes five important questions about HRM. Answers for these questions can be used as tools to improve the human resource policy of Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts. As for readers the research will help them to understand the value and mission of Human Resource Management in Hospitality Industry. Introduce the Company and its positions in the Hospitality Industry. Is it an employer of choice? Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts Company was founded in 1960 by Isadore Sharp and positioned as luxury hotel chain. The first hotel was opened in 1961 in the downtown area of Toronto, Canada. Isadore Sharp started a new kind of luxury hotels by making it personalized, taking care of each customer and offering an excellent service for their guests. For funds Sharp involved his brother-in-law, Eddie Creed and his friend, Maurry Koffler. Each of them contributed to the project. From 1970 till 1976 there were opened several Four season Hotels and resorts in London, Ontario and Bahamas. In 1976 Four Seasons hotels and Resorts grew and decided to expand in North America. So in 1976 they entered the US market in San-Francisco. So in 1977, Isadore Sharp along with Creed and Korrler decided to convert Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts into private company. Four Seasons has created a new niche in luxurious segment of Hospitality Industry, thus provided themselves with a great opportunity to grow. In 1986 the company went public, by being presented on stock market, but in 2007 it became private company again. By 1991 the company had around 36 hotels all over the world and around 13 sales and corporate offices. However Four Seasons faced with some financial issues and was rescued by investor from Saudi Arabia, the Saudi Prince Al-Waleed. In 1994 he purchased 25 percent of Four Seasons stocks and invested around C$100 million. After investing by Saudi Prince, the Four Seasons continued their expiation and opened new properties in Singapore, Mexico City, Berlin and Prague. In mid-nineties, whole hotel industry faced a downturn. As a result Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts turned to managing style rather owning hotels because it was much more profitable in the long run. (Four Seasons Hotels Incs HR Practice., 2009). Nowadays Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts has 84 properties all over the world with exclusive service and very clear companys culture. Nowadays Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts has several competitors in Hospitality Industry. They are Fairmont Hotels, Ritz-Carlton, St. Regis and Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group. Positions of Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts are very strong now. Despite on financial problems they faced in 1994, Four Seasons managed to stabilize and continue growing in hospitality industry. Four Seasons continues to have more of its hotels designated as AAA Five Diamond properties than any other hotel company and it has the most Mobil Five Star awards in the industry. The company is also consistently highly ranked in readers surveys in publications such as Conde Nast Traveler, Travel + Leisure, Institutional Investor, Andrew Harpers Hideaway Report and the Zagat Survey. (Hospitalitynet, 2010). First of all, the writer would like to give the definition of term Employer of choice. Any employer of any size in the public, private, or not-for-profit sector that attracts, optimize and holds top talent for long tenure, because the employees choose to be there. (Herman and Gioia, 2002, p. xi). Personalized service is a unique feature of Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts. But in order to make the service unique for their guests, the company pays attention to their employees. Four seasons Management teams do value their staff and treat them as guests, also with uniqueness. As one of employees said: Youre never threated like just and employee. You are a guest. (Four Seasons Hotels Incs HR Practice., 2009). This is the one and the most important reason why Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts became an Employer of choice. The company is recognized by many popular magazines as an Employer of Choice. For example, since 1998 Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts are among 100 The best Companies to Wo rk for, by Fortune Magazine. In 2009 Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts Company was awarded The best Workplace by Great Place to Work Institute Canada. Later in 2009 the Company was awarded Lifetime Commitment Award by National Society of Minorities in Hospitality (NSMH). In addition they were awarded Inductee to Canadas 10 Most Admired Corporate Cultures Hall of Fame 2010. Also Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts pay a lot of attention to trainings and development programs, thus in 2010 the company was listed in Training top 125 by Training Magazine. (FourSeason, 2010). As Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts in an international company and has many hotels all over the world, some of Four Seasons properties were also recognized by leading tourism and hospitality magazines. For example Four Seasons Hotels in the United Kingdom were The Best place to Work in Hospitality in 2008; Four Seasons Hotel Dublin received Business Award Status, based on the Hotels best practices in Recruitment and Select ion and Learning, Development and Progression; in 2008 Four Seasons Hotel Prague was awarded as Company of the Year 2008. This award is given to the companies who supporting the employment of hearing-challenged individuals. (FourSeason, 2010). All these awards and recognitions are the main indicator of Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts culture and a result of well-organized corporate environment. Explain its culture, its unique to the Company, how does this vary from its major competitors. Four Seasons Hotels and resorts has their own and unique service culture. The culture is mainly based on Golden Rule by Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts. The philosophy of Golden Rule is very simple and clear. As the CEO of Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts, Isadore Shard defined it: The Golden Rule do unto others, as you would have them to do unto you (Four Seasons Hotels Incs HR Practice., 2009). According to Mr. Sharp definition it is very important to treat everyone: guests, colleagues and partners as you would want them to treat you. Within Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts the Golden Rule applied to every person in the company and it does not matter whether you are manager or front line employee. What Four Seasons calls its unique service culture is based on a series of insights and beliefs about the person who provides the act of service, and the one who receives it. In writers opinion, the Golden Rule makes the uniqueness and creating a very positive atmosphere within all company and all properties around the world. The scheme below represents the forming of the culture. (Scheme 1) Scheme 1 As readers can see from the Scheme 1 there are several steps leading to the organizational culture. The first step is Philosophy of companys founder. As it was mentioned above Mr. sharp has his own philosophy of service and companys culture which is based on making the service exclusive and personalized. By implementing his own view of the service into Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts Companys structure, Isadore Sharp has created absolutely new type of culture not only for his personal need but also for whole the company. The next step is Selection Criteria, which is based on recruiting and selection of candidates. As we know from the case-study of Four Seasons Hotels Inc., each potential candidate for any position in four seasons Hotels and Resorts had to pass through five interviews and the final one was with the General Manager of the Hotel. In the example above readers can see that selection process in Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts is very difficult. It means that the company ne eds the best employees from the best. The selection process is very important for the company, because managers look for really professionalized persons or persons who have potential to learn and to be trained. The thing is that Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts based on personal service, thats why they have such complicated selection process. The next steps of analyzing Four Seasons culture are Top Management and Socialization. Top Management plays very important role in forming companys culture. As readers can see, in Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts Company, senior executives help to establish behavioral standards that can be adopted by the company. Socialization is a process which helps new employees to adopt into companys culture and implement skills and advantages in practice, by making service in Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts personalized. In addition the Socialization step can be separated into several stages like Pre-arrival stage, Encounter stage and Metamorphosis stage. Al l these stages directly helps in the process of forming the culture of Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts. In writers opinion, Four Seasons company culture is much differentiated form its main competitors. As an example, the companys culture of Ritz-Carlton Hotels and Resorts is based on Gold Standards of the company. Gold Standards consist of six parts which includes the credo, the motto of the company, the three steps of service, service values, the 6th diamonds and the employee promises. (Gold Standards of Ritz-Carlton, 2010). As if follows, Four Seasons and Ritz-Carlton cultures are focused on making the service they provide more personalized, but in addition Four Seasons hotels and Resorts are focused on their employees. As a result, readers can make a conclusion that in Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts, the culture is as guests oriented as employees oriented. To prove this statement, the writer would like to present a phrase maintained in the case-study: Loyalty to guests is important, but employees come first. (Four Seasons Hotels Incs HR Practice., 2009). One of the most important Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts differences from major competitors is that the company is more employees oriented rather other companies in Hospitality industry. As a result it attracts more and more employees to join Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts. How does HRM fit into the companys vision, mission values? Do these reflect a strategic purpose? How does HRM fit into the overall identity of the company, its managers and employees, make recommendations for any improvement and justify these. Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts haves their own vision, mission and values which are behead on Golden Rule. From HRM point of view, it directly into companys values, vision and mission. From the strategic nature of HRM in Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts, they deal with day-to-day issues, but it is also proactive in nature and integrated with other management functions. In addition HRM makes more clarified strategic view of human resource in Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts. From the recruitment point of view, human resource management makes sophisticated recruitment for all employees. In addition it has strong internal labour market for core employees. (Henderson, 2008). One of the most important values of Four Seasons hotels and Resorts is empowerment. HRM is responsible for delivering this feature to employees vision. Empowerment is management responsibility of sharing information, rewards, and power with employees so that they can take personal initiative and make decisions to solv e problems and issues of the guests and improve service quality and performance of the company. It is based concept of giving employees the skills, resources, authority, opportunity, motivation, as well giving them responsibilities of their actions. (BusinessDictionary, 2010). In Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts management pay lots of attention to empowerment because it helps to increase the level of service and in addition it makes employees feeling more responsible and important for the company. Thats why in all Four Seasons properties employees can act and take decisions independently. It means that for human recourse management, employees satisfaction is very important as guests satisfaction. Based on this writer can definitely say that Human Resource Management make big contribution into companys vision, value and mission. In Human Resource Management, trainings play also an important role in employees development and success. As for Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts, trainings ar e transformed into learning and development philosophy transcending job-related training programs. The advantage of trainings in Four Seasons is that all trainings are designed foal all levels of employees including non-management. In addition trainings are designed to develop leadership and personal skills. For example Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts has a special program designed for graduates of hotel schools. Applying to Manager In Training Programs (MIT) is meant that candidates has the attitude to be trained, accept Golden Rule and successfully implement it in their job. (Manager In Training Programms, 2010). In order to improve HRM policy of Four Seasons Hotels and Resort the writer would suggest several steps to make it more balanced between guest oriented policy and employees oriented policy. Four Seasons are trying to balance these two subjects, but it seems that they are a bit confused about it. The solution of this issue is to provide more benefits for their employees. First of all it would increase the flow of qualified persons who have ability to be learnt. From the other hand it would motivate employees to increase their level of education, to apply for mote training programs in order to get career development in the future. The third advantage of increasing employees benefits is that this would change and directly review the policy of the Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts thus make it more employees oriented. But for the other hand the company should not forget about their main goals personalized service for each customer. That is why Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts make their em ployees empowered. The HRM policy of the company is also based on forwarding employees to the right way, the way of Golden Rule. They dont do anything special, but their work is not easy, because Human Resource Department is the first who faced with employees challenges and in addition they have to bring the ideas and values of Golden Rules into employees minds, in order to reach companys goals which are based on exclusive and personalized service in all Four seasons Hotels and Resorts. Does it have effective policies and procedures in HRM? Critically evaluate the ones you have identified. As readers can see from examples above, Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts have very specific HRM policy. The thing is that in Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts Human Resource Management is based on standards, but they dont have lots of rules. As they prefer personalized customer service they do empower their employees, so they can act in any situations. This allows employees to take actions and to feel free to respond all customers needs. As in all situations, there is a risk of making wrong decision. The employee will be responsible for this, but in all cases the company can lose their customer which will affect the company as a whole. As Human Resource policy in Four Seasons Hotels and resorts is more companys philosophy orientated the employee turnover is just a half compared with the whole industry. Four Seasons created their own niche in the hospitality industry. Nowadays Four Seasons Hotels and resort has several main competitors. From HRM point of view, employees benefits are one of the most attractive parts for people who are interested in joining company. The term employees benefits is common for all industries. Employee benefits are all benefits and services, other from wages for time worked, that are provided to employees in whole or in part by their employers. (Definition of Employee benefits, 2010). Below, the researcher presented the table of benefits, which presents the whole picture of benefits policy of Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts and its main competitor Ritz-Carlton. The table will help readers to analyze and examine employee benefits of two main competitors in luxury mid-size hotel niche. In addition both competitors use management contracts model of managing properties. This is very good decision. The thing is that there are several recent examples that show that franchising method of managing properties doesnt work in a proper way nowadays. Development of employees commitment or loyalty directly depends on job conditions provided by employer. That is why providing basic benefits in necessary for big companied like Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts. But in order to attract more employees whey included more benefits in basic conditions. Definitely this action would influence the flow of employees and would increase motivation, which will positive effect the company. Table 1 Benefits Hotel Brands Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts Ritz-Carlton Hotels and Resorts Career growth opportunities Career growth/promotions opportunities Unique deep culture Discounts on spa treatments Best-in Industry training Childcare discounts Luxury environment in magnificent locations world wide Tuition reimbursement Profit sharing / incentive bonus / competitive salaries Income replacement programs (both short and long-term disability) Complimentary stays at Four Seasons properties with discounted meals Discounted accommodation in all Ritz-Carlton Hotels and Resorts Paid holidays / vacation Paid vacation, sick and holiday leave Educational assistance Health and wellness insurance programs Dental and medical / disability / life insurance Life/health/dental/vision insurance Retirement benefits / pension Retirement savings and profit sharing plans Employee service awards Healthcare and dependent care spending accounts Annual employee party / social and sporting events Service anniversary awards Complimentary meals in dedicated employee restaurants Complimentary or low cost meals in your Employee Dining Room (Four Seasons Benefits, 2010), (Ritz-Carlton: Understand Benefits, 2010) After careful comparison of both employees benefits, readers can define several differences, which directly influence the loyalty of employees. In order to make HRM policy more reliable, writer would suggest to enlarge number of benefits. In addition increasing different incentives for line-staff employees would also positive effect Human Resource policy of Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts. If you were the VP of HRM how would you move the company forward in the next five years? Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts is very developed luxury hotel chain.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Essay -- essays research papers

Throughout history, man has been fascinated by the thought of flying among the clouds. But recently it seems that man is slowly starting to come back down to earth and complete aviation-required tasks with two feet firmly on the ground. As impossible as it may seem, aeronautics and aviation are doing something almost unfathomable: letting airplanes fly without a pilot. This amazing feat is being done through the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). These spectacular aircrafts are revolutionizing the aviation industry by using incredible technology and the brightest minds from all around the globe. Many prestigious aviation companies such as Boeing, Northrop Grumman, and Lockheed Martin, (to name a few) have led the way in the design and development of UAVs. Even though UAVs are seen as very modern and futuristic, the concept of flying without a pilot has been thought of for long time. (â€Å"Brief† 1) The idea was first tested during the United States Civil War, when both the North and South attempted to put explosives in a hot air balloon, and make them drop on the other side’s camp. The idea of using hot air balloons was used again in World War II by the Japanese, who attempted to bomb the United States by using wind to guide the balloons. During WWII, the U.S. had a more successful attempt at producing a UAV, a prototype called, â€Å"Operation Aphrodite.† (â€Å"Brief† 1) But it was the development of cruise missiles that paved the way for UAVs. The aeronautics company, Chance Vought Aircraft, is the company that took the first step in p roducing UAVs by proposing the idea of putting landing gear onto missiles. One of the first, full-functioning UAVs is the Firebee. The Firebee was designed by Ryan Aeronautical Company and u... ...form surveillance as well as artillery missions (â€Å"Production† 1). Other countries with UAV programs include North Korea, South Korea, India, Pakistan, Japan and Australia, to name a few (Wilson J.R). UAV technology is available to not only industrial superpowers, but also to smaller countries. Unmanned Aircraft are the future of aviation. When people think that the most advanced and best models cannot be topped, they are surprised to find that what they thought was the best, is merely a stepping stone of a field with tons of potential. UAVs are keeping humans safer but are also doing jobs that, without them, would be hard for humans to do. UAVs are the result of the most advanced technology known to mankind being put into an aircraft. With so many advanced models of UAVs already, it is amazing to ponder about what the future of UAVs will hold.

Manufacturing processes for bicycle frame and golf club

Almost every item we use in our everyday life has been manufactured in some way using a series of different techniques. The task set out in this assignment is to look at two everyday objects and discuss the ways in which they have been manufactured and what materials have been used and why these specific manufacturing techniques and materials have been used. We also have to look at other possible techniques and materials that could have been utilized instead and what effect this would have had on the final product. The two objects that I have decided to investigate are the bicycle frame and the golf club. I have chosen to investigate these two items due to their similarity in materials and manufacturing processes but also their diversity as I will demonstrate in the rest of the report. First I will look at the bicycle frame then the golf club and then finishing with a short conclusion and comparison of the two different objects. 2. BICYLE FRAME The concept of the bicycle was first conceived in the late 18th century in France where an inventor created a wooden hobby horse known as a Celerifere, which had two wheels connected with a beam [1]. From this idea there have been numerous alterations and improvements to every aspect of the design that have led to the invention of the modern bicycle. These include the materials used (wood – alloys – composites), the structural design and the techniques used to manufacture the frame. The design of the modern frame can be seen in figure 1, with the names of the tubes labelled on the picture. Figure 1 – Diagram of modern bicycle frame with all parts named [2] 2.1 Materials Modern bicycle frames can be made from a variety of different materials depending on its application. Standard bicycle frames are usually made from some form of metal alloy such as steel, titanium or aluminium. Steel and titanium alloy frames are generally more popular due to their increased strength over aluminium giving them a longer life. Aluminium alloy is an ideal material in applications where weight must be cut down and the loads placed on the frame are not excessive. The particular compositions of metals within the alloy are constantly being altered to improve weight, rigidity and strength. The strength of the material is particularly important in applications such as mountain biking and downhill racing where the frame comes under considerable loads. The structure of the frame also plays a large part in the loads it can take due to the front and rear triangles that distribute the load throughout the entire frame. In the last two decades the use of composite materials has become more popular, especially in racing bikes due to their increased strength and low weight. These frames are most commonly made with some form of structural fibre such as carbon or glass. Due to the increased strength along the axis of the fibre, single piece frames can be produced giving increased strength in the areas that require it. 2.2 Manufacturing Process Looking primarily at metal alloy frames, there are two main types of tube that can be produced. These are seamless tubes, which are drawn through several stages from a block of metal and the others are known as seamed tubes, which are made from sheet metal rolled into tubes and welded along the length of the tube. Seamless tubes are generally seen as the better alternative due to the fact that they do not have a seam running along their length, which could be a possible stress concentration area. The process for making seamless tubes is as follows: First the metal alloy to be used is annealed to soften it and then hollowed. Once it has been hollowed it is heated once again and then pickled in acid to remove any oxidation layers and then lubricated to prevent any oxidation after the pickling stage. Secondly the hollow is cut to the right dimensions and mitered, a process of shaping the ends of the hollows to fit the contours of the tube to which it is to be attached to. This process is done simply by sawing off the necessary shape of the fit and then filing it down to a smooth finish. Next the tubes go through a cold drawing process to get them to the right gauge by creating a thinner and longer tube. The tube can also be ‘butted', a process that increases the thickness of the tube at the ends due to the increased stresses located at these points and making the tube thinner near the centre as the stresses are smaller at this location. This process decreases the weight and increases the strength of the frame. The final stage in making the tubes is shaping and tapering them depending on which area of the bike they are to be used in. Once the tubes have all been made, they are joined together to form the frame using either some form of welding if the tubes are made from metal or joined using an adhesive if they are made from composite. The most coming joining method for metal frames is, by far, brazing welding. This process involves placing the tubes together and heating the joints up to create a white flux, cleaning and melting the joint. Next the brazing filler metal is added, usually brass, which melts below the temperature of the joints and flows around them creating an even seal (figure 2). This process is usually done by a machine but some specialist bike makers will still do this manually. This method of welding is preferred to others, such as MIG and TIG welding, as it can be completed at much lower temperatures and so not adversely affect the properties of the material as it may change its structure at high temperatures (i.e. steel). In some frame constructions welding is not required at all and rather a lug (figure 3) is used to fix the two frames together. This allows for easy bike maintenance and tube replacement with little effect on the rest of the frame, unlike its welded counterpart. For composite frames, rather than welding the frame together, which would be ineffective, the joints are glued together using a strong adhesive. The adhesives used are capable of sustaining the same force as effectively, if not better, than welded joints. Figure 2 – Example of braze Figure 3 – Aluminium lug connecting top tube and welding on an L-section [3] seat tube [4] While the joints are still hot enough, the frame is placed into a jig to ensure that all tubes are aligned properly and if not they are oriented to the right position before the metal cools. The frame is then pickled to remove any excess flux and brazing filler and then grinded for a smooth finish Small alignment changes can still be made once the frame has cooled. Finally the frames are taking to be painted to help protect them from oxidation. First the lubricant used to protect them after pickling is cleaned off and then an undercoat is painted onto the frames. After which, a coloured enamel is painted on either by hand or by passing the frame through an electrostatic painting room where the positively charged paint is attracted to the rotating negatively charged frame. Once the frame is finished it is ready for the rest of the bikes components to be added. 3. GOLF CLUB The origins of golf are unclear as many countries had some form of game involving hitting on object with a stick dating as far back as the Roman Empire. Golf as we know it today was popularised in Scotland in the 15th Century where players would use completely wooden clubs to hit a stuffed leather ball. It wasn't until the introduction of the modern hard rubber golf ball in 1848 [5] that the materials used in the club design were altered. First iron was introduced as a material for club heads, used to strike the ball. Wooden heads were still used for certain shot types. Wooden shafts were still used despite the head material until the early 20th century when the first steel shafts were introduced. In the following years specialised clubs were developed (i.e. sand wedge) and in 1970's the first composite shafts made from high strength materials were introduced but did not gain popularity straight away due to their apparent decrease in stiffness resulting in flexing. Developments into composite shafts have made them a popular alternative to steel shafts due to their light weight and strength. Figure 4 – Variety of different club heads [7] 3.1 Materials The materials used to manufacture a golf club vary widely depending on the part that is being made such as the grip, shaft and head. The grips can be made of either a moulded synthetic rubber or bound leather, materials with a high coefficient of friction preventing slip. The shaft material can sometimes depend on the application of the club (driver, putter etc.) and are generally made from a stainless steel, titanium or aluminium for metal frames and a carbon/boron fibre reinforced epoxy. The material used for the golf heads can depend a lot on the type of club that it is. For wood type clubs the most popular materials to use are similar to those used for the shafts; stainless steel, titanium and carbon fibre epoxy. Oversized wood heads are often filled with synthetic foam so that the weight is similar to a smaller headed club. It is still possible to purchase wooden heads for the club but these are generally more for aesthetic and traditional purposes than for performance. Irons and wedges generally have heads made from stainless steel, titanium, tungsten, beryllium nickel/copper or a combination of these materials. Putters can be made from a lighter, weaker material such as aluminium due to the low impact forces that they sustain as they travel at slower velocities. 3.2 Manufacturing Process As mentioned previously there are three components to the golf club, the grip, shaft and head. Each can be made using a variety of techniques that depend on the material being used and the preference of the manufacturer. The synthetic rubber grips are made by placing the end of the shaft into a hollow die, the required shape of the grip, and injecting the rubber into the hollow. The mould is then left to harden and the shaft is removed from the mould. Depending on the material the shafts can be created in numerous ways. If the shafts are made from steel or stainless steel then they will be made by a process known as tube drawing. There are several different methods for this process such as rod drawing, fixed mandrel drawing and tube sinking. As these methods are closely related I will only look at the situation where the shafts are made via tube sinking. This process involves pulling the tube part way through a die that has a slightly smaller inner diameter than the tube, causing the tube to neck down in diameter. This is down several times with smaller lengths of the tube. This process helps to reduce the weight of the shaft and increase its strength in the areas of greatest stress (i.e. the shaft/head connection). If the tube is made from a carbon fibre composite a different process can be used. The most common is known as pultrusion where the carbon fibres are fed through a heated die with epoxy resin being fed through at the same time (figure 5). The resin hardens under the heat and forms the shaft. The composite shaft does not need to be necked during its manufacture. The metal club heads are made by a process called investment casting. A die, often made of rubber or metal, is made in two separate halves and has a hollow in the shape of the part to be moulded to allow easy removal once the mould has hardened. Wax is injected into the mould and left to harden. The mould is removed and the process is repeated several times until a collection of moulds have been produced. These moulds are then placed on the stem of a ‘tree' known as a sprue. The sprue is then invested with liquid slurry and coated in a ceramic powder and left to dry. This process is repeated until the coat is roughly 5-10mm thick. The investment is then placed in a furnace at about 550 – 1100 oC to melt the wax, which is allowed to flow out of an opening in the bottom of the cast. The cast is then fired and preheated and then inverted to allow the molten metal to be poured into the opening of the cast. Once the metal has cooled and hardened the ceramic shell is broken apart and the heads are removed from the tree. The heads are then finished with a heat treatment to harden the surface of the material and then grinded and polished for a clean surface finish. Another possible method of creating the heads is to heat up a stock piece of metal and forge it in a die to produce the part needed (figure 6). The advantage to this method is an increase in strength as the grains follow the flow of the component rather than being broken up due to casting and machining. The disadvantages of this method can be a poor surface finish and the component will usually have to go through several finishing stages to get the finished piece. Figure 5 – Composite shaft being made Figure 6 – Club head made through the  through the process of pultrusion [6] process of forging [6] Once all the parts have been made the shaft needs to be connected to the head. This can be done by a variety of methods such as creating a thread on the end of the shaft and a thread socket in a short tubular protrusion on the head and screwing them together. Another method is to place the shaft into the head socket and drill a hole through both tubes and inserting a metal pin, set with an epoxy resin. If the shaft is made from a carbon fibre composite it is connected to the head using an adhesive, with the advancements in adhesive technologies it is now possible to use an adhesive to bond metal shafts to the heads. The final stage is to check the surface for any blemishes, removing them, and then giving the surface a final polish. 4. CONCLUSION The two most similar components of the two items are the tubes of the bike frame and the shaft of the golf club. Both these components are made from the same general materials such as steel, titanium, aluminium and carbon fibre composite but utilize different methods in their construction. While the bike frame tubes are made from hollowing out lengths of metal and then cold drawing them to achieve the right gauge, golf club shafts are made directly from another method of tube drawing known as tube sinking where the tube is drawing through a die with decreasing diameter, creating a necked tube. Although these methods could be interchanged with each other they usually stick with their own methods as they give the best properties to the components. A similarity in connecting the parts together in both examples was found with the use of an adhesive to bond the carbon fibre tubes of the bike frame and even the metal shaft of the golf club with the head. Although this method could also be implemented with the metal bike frame the common method of joining is still blaze welding as its seen as the most economic method to use.

Hillary Clinton on the Issues